A live performance 2008 by the ensemble Voices of Music Capriccio Stravagante,
"Our version is a reconstruction that supplies what we consider to be a missing part in the harmony." |
Duration: 4'18", 17 kB. |
First variation of Folías by Falconieri | Hudson, Richard Vol I, p. 34 |
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Opening of the original score dated back to 1650 |
Folías by Accademia del Piacere live broadcasting
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Folías by L'Astrée live broadcasting
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Faronells Division on a ground, Leiden 10 Sept. 2016 |
Follía by
Cappella Musicale San Giacomo |
Andrea Falconieri, an Italian lutenist from the court of Parma, Modena, then Naples, dedicated his Folia to a great lady at the Court of Spain. It is an excerpt from his collection 'il primo libro de canzione, Napoli, 1650' (First Book of Songs) One can feel the obsessive omnipresence of the same harmonic structure and rhythm upon which unfold a series of variations, some quick, some slow. A more languorous central passage 'muy despacio' introduces the final variations.
Folías by Ensamble Galileo
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Folías by Ensemble Caprice live broadcasting
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Falconiero often employed a descriptive style in them, as in the 'battle', the virtual character of which he allegorically located in the court of Satan, alongside the typical imitative techniques of instrumental chamber music of the first half of the seventeenth century, as in the canzona dedicated to the Serenissimo Don Juan, while in the folís dedicated to 'Doña Tarolilla de Carallenos' he applied the form with the variations that constitutes one of the most significant Iberian contributions to Baroque music.
Hesperion XXI plays Falconieri
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Every Baroque composer worth his salt wrote a version of Les Folies D'Espagne, or La Folli´a or some variant of Folly. The ground bass is a repeated pattern which allows for any number of deviations to occur, thus creating variations, some of which can be truly crazy. I FURIOSI has chosen to record the adaptations by Antonio Vivaldi and Andrea Falconieri.
Folías by l'Arpeggiata
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The folia, meaning "mad" or "empty-headed," came from Portugal; it was originally a dance-song, fast and wild.
Für die Variation des frühen 17.Jahrhunderts sind das Weiterführen der spanisch-portugiesisch-italianischen Variationsmodelle und die Verbindung mit der Monodie und dem neuen Generalbass-Stil charakteristisch. Aufgrund des neuen Stils werden älteren Tanzbassgerüstvariationen (Folia, Passamezzo) nun durch neue, jetzt aber ausgesprochene Ostinatobass-Variationen bereichert: Ciacona, Passacaglia.
Folías by Ricercar Consort
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Falconieri was prolific as a composer of vocal music, but he is best known for his instrumental works, which have come down to us in two collections, one of which was published, the other remaining in manuscript form. Most of his pieces, bearing titles such as canzona, sinfonia, capriccio or L'eroica, are in two, three or four sections. But two of his most famous works are much longer: he composed a passacaglia with no fewer than thirty-two variations, and a folia comprising sixteen.
Folías by Voices of Music
during a live performance February 2014 |
The original title reads "Folias Echa Para Mi Señora Doña Tarolilla De Carallenos" (Primo libro di canzone, Naples, Paolini & Ricci, 1650). The composition uses the technique of "wandering variation," pioneered by Monteverdi and others, in which the composer creates musical episodes in the form of brief excursions from the standard variation pattern. Falconieri also adds a brief adagio to provide a moment of harmonic and rhythmic contrast before the final variations.
The continuo group is here represented by the viola da gamba, organ, archlute and triple harp: in the 17th century it was not unusual to have a rich and varied continuo group; each player improvises a part that creates a unique "voice" in the texture as well as blends together to form a complete accompaniment.
Theme of 'Variations Opus 51 on a folia theme' | © M. Farago, used with permission |
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The sheet music of The Division Violin |
Duration: 5'12", 09 kB. |
Theme of Faronell's Division on a Ground | by Hudson Vol I, p. 102 |
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Today, professional violinists play composed music for
the most part, unlike the 17th century when the ability to improvise
extensive figuration was as important to 'classically trained' musicians
as it is to jazz players today. Indeed, collections such as 'The Division
Violin' can be thought of as models for teaching improvisation as much
as sources of performance repertory.
Working within this context, David Douglas has varied the order and
selection of variations in some cases and actually added his own to
those found in Playford for two of the tunes, 'Paul's Steeple' and 'Faronell's
Division'. The ground for this piece is well-known as a launching pad
for divisions: it is the 'Folia' tune, familiar in settings by Corelli,
Vivaldi, and others. Michel Farinel is
one of the few non-English names we have in 'The Division Violin'; he
was a french musician who studied in Rome and worked in Spain and France
This same combination of upper melody and harmonic bass circulated widely all over Europe and became a favourite object for variations, first in France itself, where it was employed by Lully and Marais, then in Germany, the Netherlands and England, where the publisher John Playford (1623-1687/88) included a set of Folia variations for the violin in his instrumental collection The Division Viol (London, 1685), under the title "Faronell's Division", which seems to have been traditionally associated with the Folia in that country. At the same time, the most commercially successful French and Italian dance treatises of the period, such as those by Feuillet (1700) and by Lambranzi (1716), spread the tune and the basic steps of this "Folie d'Espagne" through all the European market. With the development of the virtuosic repertoire for the violin at the turn of the century it was only natural that the Folia should be included in it.
This recording takes the listener on an imaginary promenade of around an hour or so through one of these gardens, calling in at various places and listening to different types of music along the way. [...] Finally as we make our way towards the gate again, ready to go home, we hear another set of variations for violin, harpsichord and cello. La Folia was one of the eighteenth century's most popular melodies and known to everyone. Another Playford arrangement gives a fine flow to the melody (reputedly sung first by a madman in an Italian asylum) and the violinist becomes more ambitious and daring until the final flourish (with just a hint of madness, perhaps?) brings our music and garden walk to a close.
The famous 'Follia' (here entitled Faronel's Ground) was also a frequent variation melody.
Known as Folia in Italy, Follía in Spain or Folie in France, Folia is a melody that probably origintaed in Portugal and then passed through Spain before acutally gaining popularity in almost all European countries towards the end of the 15th century. French guitarist and lutenist Robert de Visée, musician for the Chamber of Louis XIV and guitar teacher for the young Louis XV, said that "in court so many couplets from which all concerts ring out, that I can only hear the folias of others".
The well-known theme from the Folia - characterised by its sarabande rhythm and its moderate movement - would give rise to several variations.
We have lost count of the number of musicians who haqvew developed or modified
it. Some names that spring to mind include Corelli, Lully, Couperin, Vivaldi, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Marais, d'Anglebert, Telemann, without counting Paganini, Liszt or Rachmaninov much later. In France, it is often called Folies d'Espagne and, in the United Kingdom, Farinel's Ground after Michel Farinel (Farinelli), who was born in 1649 and worked in Grenoble at tyhe turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Farinel was a pupil of Carissimi in Rome, then music superintendent in the court of Spain and Kapellmeister at the cathedral of Toulouse. His well-known variations on the theme were published in The Division Violin in 1684.
A pupil of Carissimi in Rome, Michel Farinel (1649-1726) travelled widely outside his home country of France, paying visits also to Portugal and England (1675-1679). In 1679 he went as part of a group of performers to Madrid and became superintendent of music and ballets to the Spanish queen. On his return some nine years later he bought a position as violinist at the court of Louis XIV, only to retire a year later to his home town of Grenoble to become maitre de chapelle at the convent at Montfleury.
His personal reputation as a violinist stood high, but he survives in history as the arranger of Les Folies d'Espagne, known as Farinel's Ground. His set of variations on the folia has many similarities with Corelli's variations at the end of op.5, although Farinel's composition was printed by Playford some fifteen years earlier! Folias: "Originally a noisy dance accompanied by tambourines, and performed by men dressed as women,
who behaved so wildly that they appeared to be out of their senses, whence the name Folia". .
A live performance 2008 by Le Poème Harmonique
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If the Folia Lirica seems to be a throwback to earlier historic periods, my intention was clearly to tap the rich resources of a long-time tradition, and by doing so to search for ways to make it part of a viable personal expression. In short, the old gives rise to the new. The very opening is a broad defining statement of the principal idea combined with free flowing rhapsodic passages setting the mood of the Introduction. This is continued with a few more statements and passage work, after which the stage is set for the Exposition of the principal theme. This is then followed by a set of free variations and a development, making use of contrasting registers and moods. There is a moment of pause by means of a reflective interlude at the end of the development. After a restatement of the Exposition which contains additional development, the work ends with the theme in the bass register. This then is followed by a soft, steady ascent into the highest reaches of the instrument where the music disappears into the open.
With the succession to the Spanish throne being an ever-present political concern, Iberian dances were in vogue throughout Louis’ reign. Musicians and dancers alike composed or improvised variations on les Folies d’Espagne Feuillet’s and Pécour’s contributions were published in the recueils, as were Pécour’s choreographies for Campra’s entrées espagnoles.
I presume that it is obvious that I was attracted by this theme by my surname. My 'Folia' was originally composed to celebrate the Arraymusic ensemble's 25th anniversary and was originally scored for a septet of instruments. Since that time I revised the work for violin, bass clarinet and piano and incorporated in another work, 'Hommage to Henri Rousseau', where it appears as the third (of four) movements under the title 'Un soir de carnaval'. The duration of the piece (both versions are identical) is three minutes, twenty seconds. Arraymusic has announced their intention to record all 25 miniatures although the release date is still rather uncertain. However, the 'Rousseau' version of the piece was recorded recently by the Riverdale Ensemble.
The oeuvre and biography of Daniel Charles Foley can be found at http://www.pathcom.com/~fandoley/Duration: 3'20", 14 kB. |
Opening of 'La Folia' for violin, bass clarinet and piano |
© D.C. Foley (SOCAN) reproduced with permission |
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Daniel Charles Foley's La Folia had room for several clever new passes at an old theme, and even for a cameo by the ghost of Johann Strauss.
I thought you might like to know that I have recently completed Folly for solo piano, based on La Folia. It is an extremely virtuosic work which will have its first performance in Hobart, Tasmania, by Michael Kieran Harvey on 5th October 2007.
'Farinelli's Folly' is a sequel to Edmonton composer Malcolm Forsyth's popular brass quintet piece 'The Golyarde's Grounde,' and uses as its theme the renaissance melody "La Folia" (The Folly). This was a favourite of the celebrated and impossibly gifted castrato singer Farinelli (1705-1782), who used it as the basis for some increasingly complex and occasionally outrageous variations.
Two short remarks to avoid misunderstandings: firstly it is not the Renaissance melody (early Folia) that is the subject of this music but the Baroque theme as used by Lully, Vivaldi and Corelli amongst others (later Folia).This work must have been composed towards the end of 1825 and the beginning of 1826. This is evident from the fact that the second variation of this set, is included in the French and Spanish editions of Aguado's Escuela of 1826, but is not included in the first edition of the Escuela of 1825.
Theme of Fossa's Folies d'Espagne | © Edition Orphée used with permission |
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One of the grounds that took root in the seventeenth
century was known as 'Las Folias', a name reflecting the abandoned character
of the triple-time dance with which it was associated. It originated
in Portugal, passed to Spain, and then to Italy from whence it was 'exported'
by baroque guitarists to France. During these travels it became more
stately, and acquired the musical characteristics by which it is now
best known - that on which De Fossa's variations are based.
How the composer [De Fossa] of such an attractive, resourceful and idiomatic
work as the Variations on 'Las Folias', his opus 12 (1829), could remain
in obscurity, unmentioned in all major works of reference until his
'rediscovery' in 1981 by the American musicologist Matanya Ophee, remains
a mystery.
The theme of Les Folies d'Espagne needs no introduction. As a dance form, and a particular chord sequence, it followed the evolution of the guitar from its earliest times. At the latter half of the 18th century, the theme was used in many guitar tutors as a vehicle for teaching right-hand arpeggios, appearing with a large number of variations, each in a different r.h. formula. The practice continued well into the 19th century and one can find it in the works of Baillon, B.C.D., Doisy, Carulli and many other. The variations on the theme by Sor and Giuliani are very well-known today as examples of concert level compositions, not specifically intended for didactical purposes. The present work of de Fossa's gives us a fresh insight into the technical possibilities of the guitar, far ahead of its time.
This work must have been composed towards the end of 1825 and the beginning of 1826. The theme of Les Follies d´Espagne needs no introduction. As a dance form, and a particular chord sequence, it followed the evolution of the guitar from its earliest times. The variations on the theme by Sor and Giuliani are very well-known today as examples of concert level compositions. The present work of de Fossa's gives us a fresh insight into the technical possibilities of the guitar, far ahead of its time.
[...] I wrote about this in 1981, this is the very reason I go into de Fossa research, and thus into guitar history research, and to see this being repeated as a Tarrega piece is just plain infuriating.
Jean-Marc Zvellenreuther (translation into english by by Atez Eloiv) wrote for the slipcase:the Folia theme is treated with arpeggios with 'campanellas', that is to say the use of open strings to imitate the sound of little bells, in an atmosphere that is very sort and intimate dear to the composer.
.”La Folia” is an old basic musical form, presumably of folkloristic origin, who found its way to the classical music during the 17th century. There is a fixed chord sequence, upon which you can create numerous melodies or improvisations – in fact you could call it the blues pattern of the baroque. It is therefore a bit of a challenge to compose a modern Folia in a musical language not entirely tonal. In ”Folia Folle” (a Foolish Folia …!) I have used partly the metric structure of the classical Folia, partly references to one of the best known Folia themes in the literature. Even the very first figure in the guitar hits the core notes of the Folia in a quick tempo. And in this way detached basic material and wreckage from the long and motley history of the Folia emerge occasionnally and disappear again.
Duration: 0'43",651 kB. (128kB/s, 44100Hz) |
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